Learning Resources

Abstract: New subscribers to the Harvard Business Review receive as a bonus with their first issue a compilation of fifteen classics, which appeared in previous HBR issues. One article, “Leading Change: Why Transformation Efforts Fail”, by John P. Kotter, first appeared in the March-April 1995 issue and is often referenced as a guide to strategic change in organizations. It is the purpose of the article to evaluate a change process undertaken at a large comprehensive baccalaureate institution in the context of Kotter’s suggested eight steps in transforming an organization.

Abstract: Using a case study, this article describes a method by which higher education institutions construct and use multiple future scenarios and simulations to plan strategically: to create visions of their futures, chart broad directions (mission and goals), and select learning and delivery strategies so as to achieve those broad directions. The four scenarios described in this article are written by combining two assumed “external” sets of future trends and conditions with two “internal” sets of institutional policies. Simulation of future college enrollment under each scenario enables planners not only to mitigate uncertainty and explore implications of different numbers of students but also to analyze the characteristics of these students to design educational content and delivery that is learning centered and, therefore, likely to be effective. The simulations also frame fiscal issues for a broad range of future conditions, thereby alerting planners to long-range strategies and options such as distance learning, partnering, and differential pricing, among others, that might not otherwise have been pursued.

Abstract: This article presents the outcomes of two areas of research conducted at UNITEC Institute of Technology, New Zealand, that support the development of a new and distinctive “university of technology” within a relatively traditional national higher education system. The first involved a survey of staff opinion on the organizational development aspects of this new kind of institution. The second related to curriculum development and the nature of professional education central to a university of technology. The collective findings of these research projects support an integrated understanding of the various dimensions of professional education and the incorporation of this understanding into an educational institution’s strategic vision. This has created an identity distinctive from those of the existing universities and polytechnics in New Zealand but one that is not yet formally recognized by the New Zealand government.

Abstract: Academic Design describes the design process used in the Minnesota State Colleges and Universities to evaluate academic programs and priorities based on the unique needs of individual institutions. The four main sections include landscape analysis, program analysis, program design and improvement, and learning paradigms. The conclusion offers information on how to prepare your academic design plan. If you need to understand the elements of an institutional (or large departmental) strategic planning process, this is the book for you. The authors have distilled significant lessons learned from their experiences with a number of mostly smaller colleges and universities, but the principles and processes apply in a wide variety of institutional arenas.

Abstract: Critics of strategic planning question whether it is a useful tool or a counterproductive management fad. This article reviews the experience of a university that has one of higher education’s longest continuous experiences with a strategic planning process and places it in the context of the literature on higher education planning. The article concludes that a long-term commitment to strategic planning—clearly defined in its broad parameters but flexible and adaptive in its details—can be productive.

Abstract: As Mongolia progresses through major economic, political, and social transitions, the higher education sector has had to react to rapidly changing conditions. The paper explores several of the major issues that were addressed and describes the lessons learned from attempts to employ strategic planning at various levels.

Abstract: If a strategic plan at a college or university is to succeed, the process must be participative. For true participation to occur, a basic level of trust must exist among the key stakeholders of the institution. Trust presumes risk. For true participation to occur, the president (and other leaders of the institution) must risk trusting the stakeholders in the planning process. The president must provide the participants with the capacity and support to make changes so that the plan succeeds. Effects of Low Trust on Strategic Planning Practical experience, supported by an extensive literature review, indicates that lack of trust in an organization manifests itself in several forms: poor communication; increased suspicion of others' views and proposals; and inaccurate perceptions of others' motives and actions. More specifically, when an organization with low trust attempts to develop a strategic plan, the following problems arise: little or no involvment of certain stakeholders; not all ideas are offered because of fear of rejection; tough issues are avioded; and the document becomes an inflexible, legalistic contract rather than a flexible guide. Building Trust Organizational development literature, as well as, our experiences in planning indicates that trust can be development in several ways: demonstrating competency, opening communication, building relationships; and creating a fair process. Competency means demonstrating technical and professional ability and good sense. Without achieving results, the rest of the "softer" approaches for building trust will fail. (Shaw, 1997). Colleges need to rebuild relationships within the insitution. When trust ca be first developed at the personal level, it will be easier to develop trust at the organizational level (Alberthal, 1995). Creating a fair process is an intergral step in building trust. Trust is strengthened when individuals feel they are treated as legitimate participants in the process

Abstract: A review of planning efforts in the last twenty-five years suggests that few deliver the kind of transformational change that is generally promised. Views planning as a progression from general directions to specific, tangible decisions, and outlines five conditions usually present, in varying degrees, when successful planning occurs: consensus building, focus on institutional needs, good fit with campus culture, effective faculty participation, and effective leadership. An institution revealing a significant weakness in any one of these areas might best direct its attention to addressing that weakness before pursuing overly ambitious planning efforts.

Abstract: Contends that most planners make assumptions about planning and about human and institutional ability to change, and that these assumptions necessarily impact the outcome of strategic planning efforts. Examines the functions served in planning comprehensive institutional change, and suggests that planning failures reflect too great a focus on technique and outcome. Applies the analogy of human development to illustrate the organizational life cycle, with an exploration of institutional "identity issues" – the physical, social, and psychological aspects, as well as the institution’s sense of self.

Abstract: Extols the virtues of linking planning, assessment, and resource allocation. Using California State University-Sacramento as a model, the authors explain how this integrated planning process evolved, from an initial link between planning and budgeting to one which also included assessment. Concludes with the lessons learned from the process and a review of the challenges the institution still faces.